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ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÅÄÈÍÈÖ |
| Áîëüøàÿ ñîâåòñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ (ÁÝÑ) |
(Systeme International d ‘Unitees)
ñèñòåìà åäèíèö ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí, ïðèíÿòàÿ 11-é Ãåíåðàëüíîé êîíôåðåíöèåé ïî ìåðàì è âåñàì (Ñì. Ãåíåðàëüíûå êîíôåðåíöèè ïî ìåðàì è âåñàì) (1960). Ñîêðàù¸ííîå îáîçíà÷åíèå ñèñòåìû — SI (â ðóññêîé òðàíñêðèïöèè — ÑÈ). Ì. ñ. å. ðàçðàáîòàíà ñ öåëüþ çàìåíû ñëîæíîé ñîâîêóïíîñòè ñèñòåì åäèíèö è îòäåëüíûõ âíåñèñòåìíûõ åäèíèö, ñëîæèâøåéñÿ íà îñíîâå ìåòðè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ìåð (Ñì. Ìåòðè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ìåð), è óïðîùåíèÿ ïîëüçîâàíèÿ åäèíèöàìè. Äîñòîèíñòâàìè Ì. ñ. å. ÿâëÿþòñÿ å¸ óíèâåðñàëüíîñòü (îõâàòûâàåò âñå îòðàñëè íàóêè è òåõíèêè) è êîãåðåíòíîñòü, òî åñòü ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü ïðîèçâîäíûõ åäèíèö, êîòîðûå îáðàçóþòñÿ ïî óðàâíåíèÿì, íå ñîäåðæàùèì êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè. Áëàãîäàðÿ ýòîìó ïðè ðàñ÷¸òàõ, åñëè âûðàæàòü çíà÷åíèÿ âñåõ âåëè÷èí â åäèíèöàõ Ì. ñ. å., â ôîðìóëû íå òðåáóåòñÿ ââîäèòü êîýôôèöèåíòû, çàâèñÿùèå îò âûáîðà åäèíèö.
 òàáëèöå ïðèâåäåíû íàèìåíîâàíèÿ è îáîçíà÷åíèÿ (ìåæäóíàðîäíûå è ðóññêèå) îñíîâíûõ, äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ è íåêîòîðûõ ïðîèçâîäíûõ åäèíèö Ì. ñ. å. Ðóññêèå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äàíû â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ äåéñòâóþùèìè ÃÎÑÒàìè; ïðèâåäåíû òàêæå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåìûå ïðîåêòîì íîâîãî ÃÎÑÒà «Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí». Îïðåäåëåíèå îñíîâíûõ è äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ åäèíèö è êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó íèìè äàíû â ñòàòüÿõ îá ýòèõ åäèíèöàõ.
Îñíîâíûå è ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñèñòåìû åäèíèö
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| Âåëè÷èíà | Íàèìåíîâàíèå | Îáîçíà÷åíèå |
| | åäèíèö |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | ìåæäóíàðîäíîå | äåéñòâóþùåå | ïðîåêò |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Îñíîâíûå åäèíèöû |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äëèíà | ìåòð | m | ì | Ì |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìàññà | êèëîãðàìì | kg | êã | êã |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âðåìÿ | ñåêóíäà | s | ñåê | ñ |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñèëà ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà | àìïåð | A | à | À |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêàÿ | êåëüâèí | K | Ê | Ê |
| òåìïåðàòóðà | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñèëà ñâåòà | êàíäåëà | cd | êä | êä |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà | ìîëü | mol | ìîëü | ìîëü |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå åäèíèöû |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïëîñêèé óãîë | ðàäèàí | rad | ðàä | ðàä |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Òåëåñíûé óãîë | ñòåðàäèàí | sr | ñòåð | ñð |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïëîùàäü | êâàäðàòíûé ìåòð | m2 | ì2 | ì2 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Îáú¸ì, âìåñòèìîñòü | êóáè÷åñêèé ìåòð | m3 | ì3 | ì3 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ×àñòîòà | ãåðö | Hz | ãö | Ãö |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñêîðîñòü | ìåòð â ñåêóíäó | m/s | ì/ñåê | ì/ñ |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Óñêîðåíèå | ìåòð íà ñåêóíäó | m/s2 | ì/ñåê2 | ì/ñ2 |
| | â êâàäðàòå | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Óãëîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü | ðàäèàí â | rad/s | ðàä/ñåê | ðàä/ñ |
| | ñåêóíäó | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Óãëîâîå óñêîðåíèå | ðàäèàí íà | rad/s2 | ðàä/ñåê2 | ðàä/ñåê2 |
| | ñåêóíäó â | | | |
| | êâàäðàòå | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïëîòíîñòü | êèëîãðàìì íà | kg/m3 | êã/ì3 | êã/ì3 |
| | êóáè÷åñêèé ìåòð | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñèëà | íüþòîí | N | í | Í |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äàâëåíèå, ìåõàíè÷åñêîå | ïàñêàëü | Pa | Ïà (í/ì2) | Ïà (Í/ì2) |
| íàïðÿæåíèå | | | | |
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| Êèíåìàòè÷åñêàÿ âÿçêîñòü | êâàäðàòíûé ìåòð | m2/s | ì2/ñåê | ì2/c |
| | íà ñåêóíäó | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ âÿçêîñòü | ïàñêàëü-ñåêóíäà | Pa·s | Ïà·ñåê | Ïà·ñ |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ðàáîòà, ýíåðãèÿ, êîëè÷åñòâî | äæîóëü | J | äæ | Äæ |
| òåïëîòû | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìîùíîñòü | âàòò | W | âò | Âò |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êîëè÷åñòâî ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà | êóëîí | C | ê | Êë |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå íàïðÿæåíèå, | âîëüò | V | â |  |
| ýëåêòðîäâèæóùàÿ ñèëà | | | | |
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| Íàïðÿæ¸ííîñòü | âîëüò íà ìåòð | V/m | â/ì | Â/ì |
| ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî ïîëÿ | | | | |
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| Ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå | îì | W | îì | Îì |
| ñîïðîòèâëåíèå | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ | ñèìåíñ | S | ñèì | Ñì |
| ïðîâîäèìîñòü | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ ¸ìêîñòü | ôàðàäà | F | ô | Ô |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìàãíèòíûé ïîòîê | âåáåð | Wb | âá | Âá |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Èíäóêòèâíîñòü | ãåíðè | H | ãí | Ã |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìàãíèòíàÿ èíäóêöèÿ | òåñëà | T | òë | Ò |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Íàïðÿæ¸ííîñòü ìàãíèòíîãî | àìïåð íà ìåòð | A/m | à/ì | À/ì |
| ïîëÿ | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìàãíèòîäâèæóùàÿ ñèëà | àìïåð | A | à | À |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ýíòðîïèÿ | äæîóëü íà | J/K | äæ/Ê | Äæ/Ê |
| | êåëüâèí | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Òåïëî¸ìêîñòü óäåëüíàÿ | äæîóëü íà | J/(kg·K) | äæ/(êã·Ê) | Äæ/(êã·Ê) |
| | êèëîãðàìì- | | | |
| | êåëüâèí | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòü | âàòò íà ìåòð- | W/(m·K) | âò/(ì·Ê) | Âò/(ì·Ê) |
| | êåëüâèí | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Èíòåíñèâíîñòü èçëó÷åíèÿ | âàòò íà | W/sr | âò/ñòåð | Âò/ñð |
| | ñòåðàäèàí | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âîëíîâîå ÷èñëî | åäèíèöà íà ìåòð | m–1 | ì–1 | ì–1 |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñâåòîâîé ïîòîê | ëþìåí | lm | ëì | ëì |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ßðêîñòü | êàíäåëà íà | cd/m2 | êä/ì2 | êä/ì2 |
| | êâäðàòíûé ìåòð | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Îñâåù¸ííîñòü | ëþêñ | lx | ëê | ëê |
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Ïåðâûå òðè îñíîâíûå åäèíèöû (ìåòð, êèëîãðàìì, ñåêóíäà) ïîçâîëÿþò îáðàçîâûâàòü êîãåðåíòíûå ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû äëÿ âñåõ âåëè÷èí, èìåþùèõ ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ ïðèðîäó, îñòàëüíûå äîáàâëåíû äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîèçâîäíûõ åäèíèö âåëè÷èí, íå ñâîäèìûõ ê ìåõàíè÷åñêèì: àìïåð — äëÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ è ìàãíèòíûõ âåëè÷èí, êåëüâèí — äëÿ òåïëîâûõ, êàíäåëà — äëÿ ñâåòîâûõ è ìîëü — äëÿ âåëè÷èí â îáëàñòè ôèçè÷åñêîé õèìèè è ìîëåêóëÿðíîé ôèçèêè. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå åäèíèöû ðàäèàí è ñòåðàäèàí ñëóæàò äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîèçâîäíûõ åäèíèö âåëè÷èí, çàâèñÿùèõ îò ïëîñêîãî èëè òåëåñíîãî óãëîâ. Äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ íàèìåíîâàíèé äåñÿòè÷íûõ êðàòíûõ è äîëüíûõ åäèíèö ñëóæàò ñïåöèàëüíûå ïðèñòàâêè ÑÈ: äåöè (Ñì. Äåöè...) (äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ åäèíèö, ðàâíûõ 10-1 ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê èñõîäíîé), ñàíòè (Ñì. Ñàíòè...) (10-2), ìèëëè (Ñì. Ìèëëè...) (10-3), ìèêðî (Ñì. Ìèêðî...) (10-6), íàíî (Ñì. Íàíî...) (10-9), ïèêî (Ñì. Ïèêî...) (10-12), ôåìòî (10-15), àòòî (10-18), Äåêà (101), ãåêòî (Ñì. Ãåêòî..) (102), êèëî (Ñì. Êèëî...) (103), ìåãà (Ñì. Ìåãà...) (106), ãèãà (Ñì. Ãèãà...) (109), òåðà (Ñì. Òåðà...) (1012); ñì. Êðàòíûå åäèíèöû, Äîëüíûå åäèíèöû.
Ëèò.: Áóðäóí Ã. Ä., Ñïðàâî÷íèê ïî Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñèñòåìå åäèíèö, Ì., 1971; Le Systeme International d’unitees (SI), Edition du bureau International des Poides et Mesures, P., 1970.
Ê. Ï. Øèðîêîâ.
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| Ñîâðåìåííàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ |
| ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀß ñèñòåìà ÅÄÈÍÈÖ (SI, îò ôðàíöóçñêîãî Systeme International, èëè ÑÈ - ñèñòåìà èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíàÿ), ñèñòåìà åäèíèö ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí, ïðèíÿòàÿ 11-é Ãåíåðàëüíîé êîíôåðåíöèåé ïî ìåðàì è âåñàì (1960). 7 îñíîâíûõ åäèíèö: äëèíû - ìåòð, ìàññû - êèëîãðàìì, âðåìåíè - ñåêóíäà, ñèëû ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà - àìïåð, òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêîé òåìïåðàòóðû - êåëüâèí, ñèëû ñâåòà - êàíäåëà, êîëè÷åñòâà âåùåñòâà - ìîëü. Óäîáñòâî ÑÈ â òîì, ÷òî â ôîðìóëû íå òðåáóåòñÿ ââîäèòü ïåðåâîäíûå êîýôôèöèåíòû, åñëè âñå âåëè÷èíû âûðàæåíû â åäèíèöàõ ÑÈ. ÑÈ îáëàäàåò ìíîãèìè ïðåèìóùåñòâàìè ïåðåä äðóãèìè ñèñòåìàìè åäèíèö, åå åäèíèöû óäîáíû äëÿ ïðàêòèêè, îäíàêî â íåêîòîðûõ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ (ôèçèêå, àñòðîíîìèè) èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ÑÃÑ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö è íåêîòîðûå âíåñèñòåìíûå åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèé (ýëåêòðîíâîëüò, ïàðñåê è äðóãèå). |
| Íàó÷íîòåõíè÷åñêèé Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé Ñëîâàðü |
| ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÅÄÈÍÈÖ, ñîêðàùåííîå îáîçíà÷åíèå - ÑÈ («Ñèñòåìà Èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíàÿ» îò ôðàíöóçñêîãî Systeme International d'Unites (SI)). Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö, ñîçäàííàÿ íà îñíîâå ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ÌÊÑ (ìåòð, êèëîãðàìì, ñåêóíäà). Ñåãîäíÿ Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö èñïîëüçóåòñÿ âî ìíîãèõ íàó÷íûõ öåëÿõ è óæå çàìåíèëà ÑÈÑÒÅÌÓ ÑÃÑ (ñàíòèìåòð, ãðàìì, ñåêóíäà) è ÑÈÑÒÅÌÓ ÔÔÑ (FPS) (ñèñòåìà áðèòàíñêèõ âåëè÷èí - ôóò, ôóíò, ñåêóíäà).  íåå âõîäÿò ñåìü îñíîâíûõ åäèíèö: ÌÅÒÐ (äëèíà), ÊÈËÎÃÐÀÌÌ (ìàññà), ÑÅÊÓÍÄÀ (âðåìÿ), ÀÌÏÅÐ (ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé òîê), ÊÅËÜÂÈÍ (òåìïåðàòóðà), ÊÀÍÄÅËÀ (ñèëà ñâåòà), ÌÎËÜ (êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà). |
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