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ÊËÀÐÊÈ |
Áîëüøàÿ ñîâåòñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ (ÁÝÑ) |
ýëåìåíòîâ, ÷èñëà, âûðàæàþùèå ñðåäíåå ñîäåðæàíèå õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â çåìíîé êîðå, ãèäðîñôåðå, Çåìëå â öåëîì, êîñìè÷åñêèõ òåëàõ è äð. ãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ èëè êîñìîõèìè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ. Ðàçëè÷àþò âåñîâûå (â %, â ã/ò èëè â ã/ã) è àòîìíûå (â % îò ÷èñëà àòîìîâ) êëàðêè. Îáîáùåíèå äàííûõ ïî õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó ðàçëè÷íûõ ãîðíûõ ïîðîä, ñëàãàþùèõ çåìíóþ êîðó, ñ ó÷¸òîì èõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ äî ãëóáèí 16 êì âïåðâûå áûëî ñäåëàíî àìåðèêàíñêèì ó÷¸íûì Ô. Ó. Êëàðêîì (1889). Ïîëó÷åííûå èì öèôðû ïðîöåíòíîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ñîñòàâå çåìíîé êîðû, âïîñëåäñòâèè íåñêîëüêî óòî÷íåííûå À. Å. Ôåðñìàíîì, ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ ïîñëåäíåãî áûëè íàçâàíû ÷èñëàìè Êëàðêà èëè êëàðêàìè. Ñðåäíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ â çåìíîé êîðå, â ñîâðåìåííîì ïîíèìàíèè å¸ êàê âåðõíåãî ñëîÿ ïëàíåòû âûøå ãðàíèöû Ìîõîðîâè÷è÷à (ñì. Ìîõîðîâè÷è÷à ïîâåðõíîñòü), âû÷èñëåíû À. Ï. Âèíîãðàäîâûì (1962), àìåðèêàíñêèì ó÷¸íûì Ñ. Ð. Òåéëîðîì (1964), íåìåöêèì — Ê. Ã. Âåäåïîëåì (1967) (ñì. òàáë.). Ïðåîáëàäàþò ýëåìåíòû ìàëûõ ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ: 15 íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, êëàðêè êîòîðûõ âûøå 100 ã/ì, îáëàäàþò ïîðÿäêîâûìè íîìåðàìè äî 26 (Fe). Ýëåìåíòû ñ ÷¸òíûìè ïîðÿäêîâûìè íîìåðàìè ñëàãàþò 87% ìàññû çåìíîé êîðû, à ñ íå÷¸òíûìè — òîëüêî 13%. Ñðåäíèé õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ Çåìëè â öåëîì ðàññ÷èòûâàëñÿ íà îñíîâàíèè äàííûõ î ñîäåðæàíèè ýëåìåíòîâ â ìåòåîðèòàõ (ñì. Ãåîõèìèÿ). Òàê êàê Ê. ýëåìåíòîâ ñëóæàò ýòàëîíîì ñðàâíåíèÿ ïîíèæåííûõ èëè ïîâûøåííûõ êîíöåíòðàöèé õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ, ãîðíûõ ïîðîäàõ èëè öåëûõ ðåãèîíàõ, çíàíèå èõ âàæíî ïðè ïîèñêàõ è ïðîìûøëåííîé îöåíêå ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ; îíè ïîçâîëÿþò òàêæå ñóäèòü î íàðóøåíèè îáû÷íûõ îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó ñõîäíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè (õëîð — áðîì, íèîáèé — òàíòàë) è òåì ñàìûì óêàçûâàþò íà ðàçëè÷íûå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû, íàðóøèâøèå ýòè ðàâíîâåñíûå îòíîøåíèÿ.
 ïðîöåññàõ ìèãðàöèè ýëåìåíòîâ (Ñì. Ìèãðàöèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ) Ê. ýëåìåíòîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííûì ïîêàçàòåëåì èõ êîíöåíòðàöèè.
Ñðåäíåå ñîäåðæàíèå ýëåìåíòîâ â çåìíîé êîðå, ã/ò
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| Àòîìíûé | Ýëåìåíò | Ïî À. Ï. | Ïî Ê. Ã. | Àòîìíûé | Ýëåìåíò | Ïî À. Ï. | Ïî Ê. Ã. | Àòîìíûé | Ýëåìåíò | Ïî À. Ï. | Ïî Ê. Ã. |
| íîìåð | | Âèíîãðàäîâó | Âåäåïîëþ | íîìåð | | Âèíîãðàäîâó | Âåäåïîëþ | íîìåð | | Âèíîãðàäîâó | Âåäåïîëþ |
| | | (1962) | (1967) | | | (1962) | (1967) | | | (1962) | (1967) |
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| 1 | H | | 700 | 32 | Ge | 1,4 | 1,3 | 63 | Eu | 1,3 | 1.4 |
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| 2 | He | | (0,003) | 33 | As | 1,7 | 1,7 | | | | |
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| 3 | Li | 32 | 30 | 34 | Se | 0,05 | 0,09 | | | | |
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| 4 | Be | 3,8 | 2 | 35 | Br | 2,1 | 2,9 | 66 | Dy | 5 | 6,1 |
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| 5 | B | 12 | 9 | 36 | Kr | | | 67 | Ho | 1,7 | 1,8 |
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| 6 | C | 200 | 320 | 37 | Rb | 150 | 120 | 68 | Er | 3,3 | 3,4 |
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| 7 | N | 19 | 20 | 38 | Sr | 340 | 290 | 69 | Tu | 0,27 | |
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| 8 | O | 470000 | 472500 | 39 | Y | 29 | 34 | 70 | Yb | 3,3 | 3,4 |
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| 9 | F | 660 | 720 | 40 | Zr | 170 | 160 | 71 | Lu | 0,8 | 1,1 |
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| 10 | Ne | | | 41 | Nb | 20 | 20 | 72 | Hf | 1 | 3 |
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| 11 | Na | 25000 | 24500 | 42 | Mo | 1,1 | 1 | 73 | Ta | 2,5 | 3,4 |
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| 12 | Mg | 18700 | 13900 | 43 | Tc | | | 74 | W | 1,3 | 1,3 |
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| 13 | Al | 80500 | 78300 | 44 | Ru | | (0,001) | 75 | Re | 0,0007 | (0,001) |
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| 14 | Si | 295000 | 305400 | 45 | Rh | | (0,001) | 76 | Os | | (0,001) |
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| 15 | P | 930 | 810 | 46 | Pd | 0,013 | 0,01 | 77 | Ir | | (0,001) |
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| 16 | S | 370 | 310 | 47 | Ag | 0,07 | 0,06 | 78 | Pt | | (0,005) |
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| 17 | Cl | 170 | 320 | 48 | Cd | 0,13 | | 79 | Au | 0,0043 | 0,004 |
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| 18 | Ar | | (0,04) | 49 | In | 0,25 | 0,07 | 80 | Hg | 0,083 | 0,08 |
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| 19 | K | 25000 | 28200 | 50 | Sn | 2,5 | 3 | 81 | Tl | 1 | 1,3 |
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| 20 | Ca | 33000 | 28700 | 51 | Sb | 0,5 | | 82 | Pb | 16 | 15 |
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| 21 | Sc | 10 | 14 | 52 | Te | 0,001 | (0,002) | 83 | Bi | 0,009 | 0,2 |
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| 22 | Ti | 4500 | 4700 | 53 | I | 0,4 | | 84 | Po | | |
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| 23 | V | 90 | 95 | 54 | Xe | | | 85 | At | | |
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| 24 | Cr | 83 | 70 | 55 | Cs | 3,7 | 2,7 | 86 | Rn | | |
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| 25 | Mn | 1000 | 690 | 56 | Ba | 650 | 590 | 87 | Fr | | |
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| 26 | Fe | 46500 | 35400 | 57 | La | 49 | 44 | 88 | Ra | | |
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| 27 | Co | 18 | 12 | 58 | Ce | 70 | 75 | 89 | Ac | | |
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| 28 | Ni | 58 | 44 | 59 | Pr | 9 | 7,6 | 90 | Th | 13 | 11 |
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| 29 | Cu | 47 | 30 | 60 | Nd | 37 | 30 | 91 | Pa | | |
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| 30 | Zn | 83 | 60 | 61 | Pm | | | 92 | U | 2,5 | 3,5 |
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| 31 | Ga | 19 | 17 | 62 | Sm | 8 | 8,6 | | | | |
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Ëèò.: Taylor S. R., Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. «Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta», 1964, v. 28. ¹ 8, p. 1273—85; Wedepohl K. H., Geochemie, B., 1967 (Sammiung Goschen, Bd 1224—1224a/1224b).
Â. Â. Ùåðáèíà.
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Îðôîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü Ëîïàòèíà |
êë`àðêè, êë`àðêè, -îâ (â ãåîõèìèè) |
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Åñëè âû æåëàåòå áëåñíóòü çíàíèÿìè â áåñåäå èëè ïðèâåñòè àðãóìåíò â ñïîðå, òî ìîæåòå èñïîëüçîâàòü ññûëêó:
áóäåò âûãëÿäåòü òàê: ÊËÀÐÊÈ
áóäåò âûãëÿäåòü òàê: ×òî òàêîå ÊËÀÐÊÈ
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