Ñëîâî, çíà÷åíèå êîòîðîãî âû õîòèòå ïîñìîòðåòü, íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ áóêâû
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ÊËÀÐÊÈ

Áîëüøàÿ ñîâåòñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ (ÁÝÑ)
        ýëåìåíòîâ, ÷èñëà, âûðàæàþùèå ñðåäíåå ñîäåðæàíèå õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â çåìíîé êîðå, ãèäðîñôåðå, Çåìëå â öåëîì, êîñìè÷åñêèõ òåëàõ è äð. ãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ èëè êîñìîõèìè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ. Ðàçëè÷àþò âåñîâûå (â %, â ã/ò èëè â ã/ã) è àòîìíûå (â % îò ÷èñëà àòîìîâ) êëàðêè. Îáîáùåíèå äàííûõ ïî õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó ðàçëè÷íûõ ãîðíûõ ïîðîä, ñëàãàþùèõ çåìíóþ êîðó, ñ ó÷¸òîì èõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ äî ãëóáèí 16 êì âïåðâûå áûëî ñäåëàíî àìåðèêàíñêèì ó÷¸íûì Ô. Ó. Êëàðêîì (1889). Ïîëó÷åííûå èì öèôðû ïðîöåíòíîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ñîñòàâå çåìíîé êîðû, âïîñëåäñòâèè íåñêîëüêî óòî÷íåííûå À. Å. Ôåðñìàíîì, ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ ïîñëåäíåãî áûëè íàçâàíû ÷èñëàìè Êëàðêà èëè êëàðêàìè. Ñðåäíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ â çåìíîé êîðå, â ñîâðåìåííîì ïîíèìàíèè å¸ êàê âåðõíåãî ñëîÿ ïëàíåòû âûøå ãðàíèöû Ìîõîðîâè÷è÷à (ñì. Ìîõîðîâè÷è÷à ïîâåðõíîñòü), âû÷èñëåíû À. Ï. Âèíîãðàäîâûì (1962), àìåðèêàíñêèì ó÷¸íûì Ñ. Ð. Òåéëîðîì (1964), íåìåöêèì — Ê. Ã. Âåäåïîëåì (1967) (ñì. òàáë.). Ïðåîáëàäàþò ýëåìåíòû ìàëûõ ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ: 15 íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, êëàðêè êîòîðûõ âûøå 100 ã/ì, îáëàäàþò ïîðÿäêîâûìè íîìåðàìè äî 26 (Fe). Ýëåìåíòû ñ ÷¸òíûìè ïîðÿäêîâûìè íîìåðàìè ñëàãàþò 87% ìàññû çåìíîé êîðû, à ñ íå÷¸òíûìè — òîëüêî 13%. Ñðåäíèé õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ Çåìëè â öåëîì ðàññ÷èòûâàëñÿ íà îñíîâàíèè äàííûõ î ñîäåðæàíèè ýëåìåíòîâ â ìåòåîðèòàõ (ñì. Ãåîõèìèÿ). Òàê êàê Ê. ýëåìåíòîâ ñëóæàò ýòàëîíîì ñðàâíåíèÿ ïîíèæåííûõ èëè ïîâûøåííûõ êîíöåíòðàöèé õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ, ãîðíûõ ïîðîäàõ èëè öåëûõ ðåãèîíàõ, çíàíèå èõ âàæíî ïðè ïîèñêàõ è ïðîìûøëåííîé îöåíêå ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ïîëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ; îíè ïîçâîëÿþò òàêæå ñóäèòü î íàðóøåíèè îáû÷íûõ îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó ñõîäíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè (õëîð — áðîì, íèîáèé — òàíòàë) è òåì ñàìûì óêàçûâàþò íà ðàçëè÷íûå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû, íàðóøèâøèå ýòè ðàâíîâåñíûå îòíîøåíèÿ.
          ïðîöåññàõ ìèãðàöèè ýëåìåíòîâ (Ñì. Ìèãðàöèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ) Ê. ýëåìåíòîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííûì ïîêàçàòåëåì èõ êîíöåíòðàöèè.
         Ñðåäíåå ñîäåðæàíèå ýëåìåíòîâ â çåìíîé êîðå, ã/ò
        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        | Àòîìíûé | Ýëåìåíò | Ïî À. Ï.        | Ïî Ê. Ã.    | Àòîìíûé | Ýëåìåíò | Ïî À. Ï.        | Ïî Ê. Ã.    | Àòîìíûé | Ýëåìåíò | Ïî À. Ï.        | Ïî Ê. Ã.     |
        | íîìåð     |               | Âèíîãðàäîâó | Âåäåïîëþ | íîìåð     |               | Âèíîãðàäîâó | Âåäåïîëþ | íîìåð     |               | Âèíîãðàäîâó | Âåäåïîëþ |
        |               |               | (1962)           | (1967)       |               |               | (1962)           | (1967)       |               |               | (1962)           | (1967)       |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 1            | H           |                     | 700           | 32           | Ge         | 1,4                | 1,3            | 63           | Eu          | 1,3                | 1.4            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 2            | He          |                     | (0,003)      | 33           | As          | 1,7                | 1,7            |               |               |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 3            | Li           | 32                 | 30             | 34           | Se          | 0,05              | 0,09          |               |               |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 4            | Be          | 3,8                | 2              | 35           | Br          | 2,1                | 2,9            | 66           | Dy          | 5                  | 6,1            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 5            | B           | 12                 | 9              | 36           | Kr          |                     |                 | 67           | Ho          | 1,7                | 1,8            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 6            | C           | 200               | 320           | 37           | Rb          | 150               | 120           | 68           | Er          | 3,3                | 3,4            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 7            | N           | 19                 | 20             | 38           | Sr          | 340               | 290           | 69           | Tu          | 0,27              |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 8            | O           | 470000          | 472500      | 39           | Y           | 29                 | 34             | 70           | Yb          | 3,3                | 3,4            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 9            | F            | 660               | 720           | 40           | Zr           | 170               | 160           | 71           | Lu          | 0,8                | 1,1            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 10           | Ne          |                     |                 | 41           | Nb          | 20                 | 20             | 72           | Hf          | 1                  | 3               |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 11           | Na          | 25000           | 24500       | 42           | Mo         | 1,1                | 1              | 73           | Ta          | 2,5                | 3,4            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 12           | Mg         | 18700           | 13900       | 43           | Tc          |                     |                 | 74           | W           | 1,3                | 1,3            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 13           | Al           | 80500           | 78300       | 44           | Ru          |                     | (0,001)      | 75           | Re          | 0,0007          | (0,001)      |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 14           | Si           | 295000          | 305400      | 45           | Rh          |                     | (0,001)      | 76           | Os         |                     | (0,001)      |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 15           | P           | 930               | 810           | 46           | Pd          | 0,013            | 0,01          | 77           | Ir            |                     | (0,001)      |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 16           | S           | 370               | 310           | 47           | Ag          | 0,07              | 0,06          | 78           | Pt          |                     | (0,005)      |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 17           | Cl           | 170               | 320           | 48           | Cd          | 0,13              |                 | 79           | Au          | 0,0043          | 0,004        |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 18           | Ar          |                     | (0,04)        | 49           | In           | 0,25              | 0,07          | 80           | Hg          | 0,083            | 0,08          |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 19           | K           | 25000           | 28200       | 50           | Sn          | 2,5                | 3              | 81           | Tl           | 1                  | 1,3            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 20           | Ca          | 33000           | 28700       | 51           | Sb          | 0,5                |                 | 82           | Pb          | 16                 | 15             |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 21           | Sc          | 10                 | 14             | 52           | Te          | 0,001            | (0,002)      | 83           | Bi           | 0,009            | 0,2            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 22           | Ti           | 4500             | 4700         | 53           | I             | 0,4                |                 | 84           | Po          |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 23           | V           | 90                 | 95             | 54           | Xe          |                     |                 | 85           | At          |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 24           | Cr          | 83                 | 70             | 55           | Cs          | 3,7                | 2,7            | 86           | Rn          |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 25           | Mn         | 1000             | 690           | 56           | Ba          | 650               | 590           | 87           | Fr           |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 26           | Fe          | 46500           | 35400       | 57           | La          | 49                 | 44             | 88           | Ra          |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 27           | Co          | 18                 | 12             | 58           | Ce          | 70                 | 75             | 89           | Ac          |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 28           | Ni           | 58                 | 44             | 59           | Pr          | 9                  | 7,6            | 90           | Th          | 13                 | 11             |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 29           | Cu          | 47                 | 30             | 60           | Nd          | 37                 | 30             | 91           | Pa          |                     |                 |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 30           | Zn          | 83                 | 60             | 61           | Pm         |                     |                 | 92           | U           | 2,5                | 3,5            |
        |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
        | 31           | Ga         | 19                 | 17             | 62           | Sm         | 8                  | 8,6            |               |               |                     |                 |
        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        
        Ëèò.: Taylor S. R., Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. «Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta», 1964, v. 28. ¹ 8, p. 1273—85; Wedepohl K. H., Geochemie, B., 1967 (Sammiung Goschen, Bd 1224—1224a/1224b).
         Â. Â. Ùåðáèíà.
Îðôîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü Ëîïàòèíà
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