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ÈÇÎËÈÍÈÈ |
| Áîëüøàÿ ñîâåòñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ (ÁÝÑ) |
(îò Èçî...)
ëèíèè ðàâíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ êàêîé-ëèáî âåëè÷èíû â å¸ ðàñïðåäåëåíèè íà ïîâåðõíîñòè, â ÷àñòíîñòè íà ïëîñêîñòè (íà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé êàðòå, âåðòèêàëüíîì ðàçðåçå èëè ãðàôèêå). È. îòðàæàþò íåïðåðûâíîå èçìåíåíèå èññëåäóåìîé âåëè÷èíû â çàâèñèìîñòè îò äâóõ äðóãèõ ïåðåìåííûõ, íàïðèìåð îò ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé øèðîòû è äîëãîòû íà êàðòàõ.
Íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûå èçîëèíèè
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| Íàçâàíèå | Ýòèìîëîãèÿ* | Õàðàêòåðèçóåìîå ÿâëåíèå |
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| Ãèäðîèçîáàòû | bathos — | ãëóáèíà | Ãëóáèíà çåðêàëà ãðóíòîâûõ âîä |
| | | | îòíîñèòåëüíî çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè |
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| Ãèäðîèçîãèïñû | hypsos — | âûñîòà | Âûñîòà çåðêàëà ãðóíòîâûõ âîä íàä |
| | | | óðîâíåì ìîðÿ |
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| Ãèäðîèçîïüåçû | piezo — | íàæèìàþ, íàïèðàþ | Íàïîð àðòåçèàíñêèõ âîä |
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| Èçàëëîáàðû | baros — | òÿæåñòü, âåñ | Èçìåíåíèå àòìîñôåðíîãî äàâëåíèÿ â |
| (èçîàëëîáàðû) | | | åäèíèöó âðåìåíè |
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| Èçàëëîãèïñû | hypsos — | âûñîòà | Èçìåíåíèå âûñîòû èçîáàðè÷åñêîé |
| | | | ïîâåðõíîñòè â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè |
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| Èçàëëîòåðìû | therme — | òåïëîòà | Èçìåíåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà â |
| (èçîàëëîòåðìû) | | | åäèíèöó âðåìåíè |
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| Èçàìåòðàëû | ametros — | íåñîðàçìåðíûé, | Òî æå, ÷òî èçàíîìàëû |
| | | íåïðàâèëüíûé | |
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| Èçàìïëèòóäû | ëàò. ampli- | âåëè÷èíà | Àìïëèòóäà èçìåíåíèÿ |
| (èçîàìïëèòóäû) | tudo — | | ìåòåîðîëîãè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ çà êàêîé- |
| | | | ëèáî ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè |
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| Èçàíåìîíû | anemos — | âåòåð | Ñðåäíÿÿ ñêîðîñòü âåòðà çà êàêîé-ëèáî |
| (èçîâåëû) | | | ïåðèîä âðåìåíè |
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| Èçàíîìàëû | anomalos — | îòêëîíÿþùèéñÿ îò | Îòêëîíåíèå òîé èëè èíîé âåëè÷èíû |
| (èçàìåòðàëû) | | íîðìû | (òåìïåðàòóðû, êîëè÷åñòâà îñàäêîâ è |
| | | | äð.) îò çíà÷åíèÿ, ïðèíÿòîãî çà íîðìó |
| | | | (ñðåäíåãî ìíîãîëåòíåãî, ñðåäíåãî |
| | | | øèðîòíîãî) |
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| Èçîàíòû | anthos — | öâåòîê, öâåòåíèå | Ñðîêè çàöâåòàíèÿ êàêèõ-ëèáî ðàñòåíèé |
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| Èçîàòìû | atmos — | ïàð, èñïàðåíèå | Âåëè÷èíà èñïàðåíèÿ èëè èñïàðÿåìîñòè |
| | | | çà êàêîé-ëèáî ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè |
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| Èçîáàçû | basis — | õîä, äâèæåíèå, | Âåëè÷èíà òåêòîíè÷åñêèõ äâèæåíèé |
| | | îñíîâàíèå | (ïîäíÿòèé — èçàíàáàçû èëè îïóñêàíèé — |
| |----------------------------------------------------------| èçîêàòàáàçû) çà êàêîé-ëèáî ïðîìåæóòîê |
| | ana — | ââåðõ | âðåìåíè |
| |----------------------------------------------------------| |
| | kata — | âíèç | |
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| Èçîáàðû | baros — | òÿæåñòü, âåñ | Àòìîñôåðíîå äàâëåíèå |
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| Èçîáàòû | bathos — | ãëóáèíà | Ãëóáèíà âîäî¸ìîâ |
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| Èçîáðîíòû | bronte — | ãðîì | ×èñëî äíåé ñ ãðîçîé |
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| Èçîâåëû | ëàò. velox — | áûñòðûé, áûñòðî | Òî æå, ÷òî èçàíåìîíû |
| | | äâèæóùèéñÿ | |
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| Èçîãàëèíû | hals — | ñîëü | Ñîë¸íîñòü âîä |
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| Èçîãèåòû | hyetos — | äîæäü | Êîëè÷åñòâî îñàäêîâ çà êàêîé-ëèáî |
| | | | ïåðèîä |
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| Èçîãèïñû | hypsos — | âûñîòà | Âûñîòà çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè íàä |
| (ãîðèçîíòàëè) | | | óðîâíåì ìîðÿ |
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| Èçîãîíû | gonia — | óãîë | Îðèåíòàöèÿ êàêèõ-ëèáî ôèçè÷åñêèõ |
| | | | âåëè÷èí (ìàãíèòíîãî ñêëîíåíèÿ, |
| | | | íàïðàâëåíèÿ âåòðà è ò. ä.) |
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| Èçîäèíàìû | dynamis — | ñèëà | Ïîëíàÿ íàïðÿæ¸ííîñòü çåìíîãî |
| | | | ìàãíèòíîãî ïîëÿ èëè å¸ ñîñòàâëÿþùèå |
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| Èçîêëèíû | klino — | íàêëîíÿþ | Âåëè÷èíà ìàãíèòíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ |
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| Èçîíåôû | nephos — | îáëàêî | Îáëà÷íîñòü |
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| Èçîïàõèòû | pachys — | òîëñòûé, ìàññèâíûé | Ìîùíîñòü ãåîëîãè÷åñêèõ îòëîæåíèé |
| (èçîïàõè) | | | êàêîãî-ëèáî âîçðàñòà èëè ñîñòàâà |
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| Èçîïîðû | poros — | õîä, ïðîõîä | Âåêîâûå èçìåíåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ |
| | | | çåìíîãî ìàãíåòèçìà |
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| Èçîðàõèè | rhachia — | ïðèáîé, ìîðñêèå | Âûñîòà ìîðñêèõ ïðèëèâîâ |
| | | âîëíû | |
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| Èçîñåéñòû | seistos — | ïðèâåä¸ííûé â | Èíòåíñèâíîñòü çåìëåòðÿñåíèé |
| (èçîñåéñìû, | | êîëåáàíèå, | |
| èçîôèãìû) | | ïîêîëåáëåííûé | |
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| Èçîòàêè | teko — | ðàñòîïëÿþ | Ñðîêè âñêðûòèÿ âîä ñóøè îòî ëüäà |
| (èçîêðèîíû) | | | |
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| Èçîòàõè | tachos — | ñêîðîñòü, áûñòðîòà | Ñêîðîñòü òå÷åíèé |
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| Èçîòåðìîáàòû | therme — | òåïëîòà | Òåìïåðàòóðà âîäû íà ãëóáèíàõ |
| |----------------------------------------------------------| âîäî¸ìîâ |
| | bathos — | ãëóáèíà | |
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| Èçîòåðìû | therme — | òåïëîòà | Òåìïåðàòóðà âîçäóõà, âîäû, ïî÷âû |
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| Èçîôàçû | ñì. Ôàçà | | Íàèáîëüøèå ôàçû ñîëíå÷íîãî çàòìåíèÿ |
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| Èçîôåíû | phaino — | ÿâëÿþ, ïîêàçûâàþ | Ñðîêè èëè ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü êàêèõ- |
| | | | ëèáî ôåíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôàç |
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| Èçîõèîíû | chion — | ñíåã, ñíåæíûé | Òîëùèíà èëè ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü |
| | | ïîêðîâ | ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà |
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| Èçîõðîíû | chronos — | âðåìÿ | Ñðîêè íàñòóïëåíèÿ êàêîãî-ëèáî ÿâëåíèÿ |
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* Ýòèìîëîãèþ íà÷àëüíûõ ÷àñòåé ïðèâåä¸ííûõ òåðìèíîâ: Àëëî..., Ãèäðî..., Èçî... ñì. â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòàòüÿõ. Ïîñëåäóþùàÿ ÷àñòü òåðìèíà, êàê ïðàâèëî, ãðå÷åñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, ïîýòîìó ÿçûê-èñòî÷íèê óêàçûâàåòñÿ òîëüêî â ñëó÷àå îòêëîíåíèÿ îò ýòîãî ïðàâèëà.
È. íà êàðòàõ íàèáîëåå øèðîêî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè çíà÷åíèé íåïðåðûâíûõ è ïîñòåïåííî èçìåíÿþùèõñÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå âåëè÷èí (íàïðèìåð, òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà), íî âûïîëíÿþò òàêæå çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëåå ðàçíîîáðàçíûå ôóíêöèè. Ñ ïîìîùüþ È. ïîêàçûâàþò íà êàðòàõ èçìåíåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ÿâëåíèé âî âðåìåíè (íàïðèìåð, âåêîâûå èçìåíåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ çåìíîãî ìàãíåòèçìà), ñêîðîñòü ïåðåìåùåíèÿ ÿâëåíèé (íàïðèìåð, ñêîðîñòü âåòðà), âðåìÿ íàñòóïëåíèÿ êàêèõ-ëèáî ÿâëåíèé (íàïðèìåð, ñðîêè ïåðâûõ îñåííèõ çàìîðîçêîâ), ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ÿâëåíèé (íàïðèìåð, ÷èñëî äíåé ñî ñíåæíûì ïîêðîâîì), îðèåíòàöèþ êàêèõ-ëèáî ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí (íàïðèìåð, ìàãíèòíîãî ñêëîíåíèÿ), ïîâòîðÿåìîñòü èëè âåðîÿòíîñòü ÿâëåíèé (íàïðèìåð, ïîâòîðÿåìîñòü ãðîç). Ïðèìåðû È. ñì. íà êàðòàõ ê ñò. Åâðîïà. Åñëè â êà÷åñòâå õîòÿ áû îäíîé èç íåçàâèñèìûõ ïåðåìåííûõ ïðèíèìàåòñÿ íå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ êîîðäèíàòà, à êàêàÿ-ëèáî èíàÿ âåëè÷èíà, È. íàçûâàþòñÿ èçîïëåòàìè (Ñì. Èçîïëåòû).
Þ. Ã. Êåëüíåð.
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| Èäåîãðàôè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü |
^ ãðàôèê ôóíêöèè
^ (íàõîäèòüñÿ) íà, êàðòà
èçîëèíèè - ëèíèè íà êàðòå ñ îäèíàêîâûì çíà÷åíèåì õàðàêòåðèñòèêè.
òèïû ëèíèé: èçîàìïëèòóäû. èçàíîìàëû. èçîêîððåëÿòû. èçîäåíñû. èçîòàõè. èçîõðîíû. èçîïëåòû.
èçîãëîññû.
òåìïåðàòóðà: èçîòåðìû. èçàëëîòåðìû. èçîãåîòåðìû. èçîòåðìîáàòû. èçîòåðû. èçîõèìåíû. èçýíòðîïû.
çåìíàÿ êîðà: èçîãàììû. èçîãèïñû. èçîãîíû. èçîäèíàìû. èçîêëèíû. èçîïîðû. èçîñåéñòû. èçîáàçû.
ãèäðîñôåðà: èçîáàòû. èçîãàëèíû. èçîãèåòû. èçîàòìû. èçîíåôû. èçîïàãè. èçîïèêíû. èçîòàêè.
èçîïåêòèêè. èçîðàõèè. èçîñòåðû.
àòìîñôåðà: èçîáàðû. èçàëëîáàðû. èçîòåíäåíöèè. èçîàíåìîíû, èçîâåëëû. èçîáðîíòû. èçîõàçìû.
èçîöåðàíè÷åñêèå ëèíèè.
^ ðàâíûé, ôèçèêà |
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Åñëè âû æåëàåòå áëåñíóòü çíàíèÿìè â áåñåäå èëè ïðèâåñòè àðãóìåíò â ñïîðå, òî ìîæåòå èñïîëüçîâàòü ññûëêó:
áóäåò âûãëÿäåòü òàê: ÈÇÎËÈÍÈÈ
áóäåò âûãëÿäåòü òàê: ×òî òàêîå ÈÇÎËÈÍÈÈ
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