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ÅÄÈÍÈÖÛ ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÂÅËÈ×ÈÍ |
| Áîëüøàÿ ñîâåòñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ (ÁÝÑ) |
êîíêðåòíûå ôèçè÷åñêèå âåëè÷èíû, êîòîðûì ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ ïðèñâîåíû ÷èñëîâûå çíà÷åíèÿ, ðàâíûå 1. Ìíîãèå Å. ô. â. âîñïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ ìåðàìè (Ñì. Ìåðû), ïðèìåíÿåìûìè äëÿ èçìåðåíèé (íàïðèìåð, Ìåòð, Êèëîãðàìì). Íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ ðàçâèòèÿ ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû (â ðàáîâëàäåëü÷åñêèõ è ôåîäàëüíûõ îáùåñòâàõ) ñóùåñòâîâàëè åäèíèöû äëÿ íåáîëüøîãî êðóãà ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí — äëèíû, ìàññû, âðåìåíè, ïëîùàäè, îáú¸ìà. Å. ô. â. âûáèðàëèñü âíå ñâÿçè äðóã ñ äðóãîì, è ïðèòîì ðàçëè÷íûå â ðàçíûõ ñòðàíàõ è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðàéîíàõ. Òàê âîçíèêëî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ÷àñòî îäèíàêîâûõ ïî íàçâàíèþ, íî ðàçëè÷íûõ ïî ðàçìåðó åäèíèö — ëîêòåé (Ñì. Ëîêîòü), Ôóòîâ, Ôóíòîâ. Ïî ìåðå ðàñøèðåíèÿ òîðãîâûõ ñâÿçåé ìåæäó íàðîäàìè è ðàçâèòèÿ íàóêè è òåõíèêè êîëè÷åñòâî Å. ô. â. óâåëè÷èâàëîñü è âñ¸ áîëåå îùóùàëàñü ïîòðåáíîñòü â óíèôèêàöèè åäèíèö è â ñîçäàíèè ñèñòåì åäèíèö (Ñì. Ñèñòåìà åäèíèö). Î Å. ô. â. è èõ ñèñòåìàõ ñòàëè çàêëþ÷àòü ñïåöèàëüíûå ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ñîãëàøåíèÿ.  18 â. âî Ôðàíöèè áûëà ïðåäëîæåíà Ìåòðè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ìåð, ïîëó÷èâøàÿ â äàëüíåéøåì ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ïðèçíàíèå. Íà å¸ îñíîâå áûë ïîñòðîåí öåëûé ðÿä ìåòðè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì åäèíèö.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðîèñõîäèò äàëüíåéøåå óïîðÿäî÷åíèå Å. ô. â. íà áàçå Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñèñòåìû åäèíèö (Ñì. Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö) (ÑÈ).
Å. ô. â. äåëÿòñÿ íà ñèñòåìíûå, ò. å. âõîäÿùèå â êàêóþ-ëèáî ñèñòåìó åäèíèö, è Âíåñèñòåìíûå åäèíèöû (íàïðèìåð, ìì ðò. ñò., Ëîøàäèíàÿ ñèëà, ýëåêòðîí-âîëüò (Ñì. Ýëåêòðîíâîëüò)). Ñèñòåìíûå Å. ô. â. ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà îñíîâíûå, âûáèðàåìûå ïðîèçâîëüíî (ìåòð, êèëîãðàìì, ñåêóíäà è äð.), è ïðîèçâîäíûå, îáðàçóåìûå ïî óðàâíåíèÿì ñâÿçè ìåæäó âåëè÷èíàìè (ìåòð â ñåêóíäó, êèëîãðàìì íà êóáè÷åñêèé ìåòð, íüþòîí, äæîóëü, âàòò è ò. ï.). Äëÿ óäîáñòâà âûðàæåíèÿ âåëè÷èí, âî ìíîãî ðàç áîëüøèõ èëè ìåíüøèõ Å. ô. â., ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ Êðàòíûå åäèíèöû è Äîëüíûå åäèíèöû.  ìåòðè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ åäèíèö êðàòíûå è äîëüíûå Å. ô. â. (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì åäèíèö âðåìåíè è óãëà) îáðàçóþòñÿ óìíîæåíèåì ñèñòåìíîé åäèíèöû íà 10n, ãäå n — öåëîå ïîëîæèòåëüíîå èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîå ÷èñëî. Êàæäîìó èç ýòèõ ÷èñåë ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îäíà èç äåñÿòè÷íûõ ïðèñòàâîê, ïðèíÿòûõ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ êðàòíûõ è äåëüíûõ åäèíèö.
Ëèò.: Áóðäóí Ã. Ä., Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí, 4 èçä., Ì., 1967; Ìàëèêîâ Ñ. Ô., Òþðèí Í. È., Ââåäåíèå â ìåòðîëîãèþ, 2 èçä., Ì., 1966.
Ê. Ï. Øèðîêîâ.
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| Ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ |
êîíêðåòíûå ôèçè÷åñêèå âåëè÷èíû, óñëîâíî ïðèíÿòûå çà åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí.
Ïîä ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíîé ïîíèìàþò õàðàêòåðèñòèêó ôèçè÷åñêîãî îáúåêòà, îáùóþ äëÿ ìíîæåñòâà îáúåêòîâ â êà÷åñòâåííîì îòíîøåíèè (íàïðèìåð, äëèíà, ìàññà, ìîùíîñòü) è èíäèâèäóàëüíóþ äëÿ êàæäîãî îáúåêòà â êîëè÷åñòâåííîì îòíîøåíèè (íàïðèìåð, äëèíà íåðâíîãî âîëîêíà, ìàññà òåëà ÷åëîâåêà, ìîùíîñòü ïîãëîùåííîé äîçû èîíèçèðóþùåãî èçëó÷åíèÿ). Ìåæäó ôèçè÷åñêèìè âåëè÷èíàìè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèìè êàêîé-ëèáî îáúåêò, ñóùåñòâóåò çàêîíîìåðíàÿ ñâÿçü. Óñòàíîâëåíèå ýòîé ñâÿçè áëàãîäàðÿ èçìåðåíèþ ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí èìåëî âàæíîå íàó÷íîå è ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå. Ïîä èçìåðåíèåì ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíû ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ (ñ ïîìîùüþ ìåð è ýòàëîíîâ) è â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ âû÷èñëèòåëüíûõ îïåðàöèé äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà äàííîé âåëè÷èíû. Ïðè ýòîì âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå èìååò îáîñíîâàííûé ðàöèîíàëüíûé âûáîð åå åäèíèöû.
Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ìåòðîëîãèè ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî ñòàðûõ åäèíèö äëèíû, ïëîùàäè, îáúåìà, ìàññû, âðåìåíè è äðóãèõ âåëè÷èí âûáèðàëîñü ïðîèçâîëüíî, áåç ó÷åòà êàêîé áû òî íè áûëî âíóòðåííåé ñâÿçè ìåæäó íèìè. Ýòî ïðèâåëî ê ïîÿâëåíèþ â ðàçíûõ ñòðàíàõ ìèðà ìíîæåñòâà ðàçëè÷íûõ åäèíèö äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ îäíèõ è òåõ æå ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí. Òàê, äëèíó èçìåðÿëè â àðøèíàõ, ëîêòÿõ, ôóòàõ, äþéìàõ, ìàññó — â óíöèÿõ, ôóíòàõ, çîëîòíèêàõ è ò. ä.  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ åäèíèöû âûáèðàëè èñõîäÿ èç óäîáñòâ òåõíèêè èçìåðåíèÿ èëè ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ. Òàê ïîÿâèëèñü, íàïðèìåð ìèëëèìåòð ðòóòíîãî ñòîëáà, ëîøàäèíàÿ ñèëà. Èíòåíñèâíîå è ïîíà÷àëó íåçàâèñèìîå ðàçâèòèå îòäåëüíûõ îáëàñòåé íàóêè è òåõíèêè â ðàçëè÷íûõ ñòðàíàõ â íà÷àëå 19 â., ôîðìèðîâàíèå íîâûõ îòðàñëåé çíàíèé ñïîñîáñòâîâàëè âîçíèêíîâåíèþ íîâûõ ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ìíîæåñòâà íîâûõ åäèíèö. Ìíîæåñòâåííîñòü åäèíèö èçìåðåíèÿ ÿâëÿëàñü ñåðüåçíûì ïðåïÿòñòâèåì äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ íàóêè è ðîñòà ìàòåðèàëüíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà; îòñóòñòâèå åäèíñòâà â ïîíèìàíèè, îïðåäåëåíèè è îáîçíà÷åíèè ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí óñëîæíÿëî ìåæäóíàðîäíûå òîðãîâûå ñâÿçè, òîðìîçèëî íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèé ïðîãðåññ â öåëîì. Âñå ýòî âûçâàëî íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñòðîãîé óíèôèêàöèè åäèíèö è ðàçðàáîòêè óäîáíîé äëÿ øèðîêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñèñòåì åäèíèö ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí.  îñíîâó ïîñòðîåíèÿ òàêîé ñèñòåìû áûë ïîëîæåí ïðèíöèï âûáîðà íåáîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà îñíîâíûõ, íå çàâèñÿùèõ äðóã îò äðóãà åäèíèö, íà áàçå êîòîðûõ ñ ïîìîùüþ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ñîîòíîøåíèé, âûðàæàþùèõ çàêîíîìåðíûå ñâÿçè ìåæäó ôèçè÷åñêèìè âåëè÷èíàìè, óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü îñòàëüíûå åäèíèöû ñèñòåìû.
Ïîïûòêè ñîçäàíèÿ óíèôèöèðîâàííîé ñèñòåìû åäèíèö ïðåäïðèíèìàëèñü íåîäíîêðàòíî. Áûëè ñîçäàíû Ìåòðè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ìåð, ñèñòåìû ÌÊÑ, ÌÊÑÀ, ÌÊÃÑÑ, ÑÃÑ è äð. Îäíàêî êàæäàÿ èç ýòèõ ñèñòåì â îòäåëüíîñòè íå îáåñïå÷èâàëà âîçìîæíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ åå âî âñåõ îáëàñòÿõ íàó÷íîé è ïðàêòè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà, à ïàðàëëåëüíîå ïðèìåíåíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñèñòåì ñîçäàâàëî ïîìèìî ïðî÷èõ íåóäîáñòâ îïðåäåëåííûå òðóäíîñòè âî âçàèìíûõ ïåðåñ÷åòàõ. Ðàçëè÷íûå ìåæäóíàðîäíûå íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèå îðãàíèçàöèè, ðàáîòàâøèå â îáëàñòè ìåòðîëîãèè, â òå÷åíèå âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû 19 â. è â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå 20 â. ãîòîâèëè ïî÷âó äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ åäèíîé ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñèñòåìû åäèíèö, è 7 îêòÿáðÿ 1958 ã. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé êîìèòåò çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé ìåòðîëîãèè îáúÿâèë îá óñòàíîâëåíèè ýòîé ñèñòåìû.
Ðåøåíèåì Ãåíåðàëüíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî ìåðàì è âåñàì â 1960 ã. áûëà ïðèíÿòà óíèâåðñàëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí. ïîëó÷èâøàÿ íàçâàíèå «Systeme internationale d'unites» (Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö) èëè ñîêðàùåííî SI (â ðóññêîé òðàíñêðèïöèè ÑÈ). Ïîñòîÿííàÿ êîìèññèÿ ÑÝ ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè óòâåðäèëà îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèé ñòàíäàðò «Ìåòðîëîãèÿ. Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí. ÑÒ ÑÝ 1052—78», àâòîðîì-ðàçðàáîò÷èêîì êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÑÑÑÐ. Ñòàíäàðòîì óñòàíàâëèâàëîñü îáÿçàòåëüíîå ïðèìåíåíèå íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1979—1980 ãã. â ñòðàíàõ-÷ëåíàõ ÑÝ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñèñòåìû åäèíèö. Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî êîìèòåòà ÑÑÑÐ ïî ñòàíäàðòàì îò 19 ìàðòà 1981 ã. ñòàíäàðò ÑÝ áûë çàìåíåí Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì ñòàíäàðòîì ÃÎÑÒ 8.417—81 (ÑÒ ÑÝ 1052—78) «Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí», ââåäåííûì â äåéñòâèå ñ 1 ÿíâàðÿ 1982 ã. ÃÎÑÒ óñòàíîâëåíû ïåðå÷åíü Å. ô. â. äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ â ÑÑÑÐ, èõ íàèìåíîâàíèå è îáîçíà÷åíèå, à òàêæå ïîðÿäîê èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âíåñèñòåìíûõ åäèíèö è èñêëþ÷åíèÿ ðÿäà âíåñèñòåìíûõ åäèíèö, ïîäëåæàùèõ èçúÿòèþ. Ïðèìåíåíèå ÑÈ ñòàëî îáÿçàòåëüíûì âî âñåõ îáëàñòÿõ íàóêè è òåõíèêè, à òàêæå â íàðîäíîì õîçÿéñòâå.
Ñòðóêòóðà Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñèñòåìû åäèíèö (ÑÈ). Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñîâîêóïíîñòü îñíîâíûõ è ïðîèçâîäíûõ åäèíèö, îõâàòûâàþùèõ âñå îáëàñòè èçìåðåíèé ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ, òåïëîâûõ, ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ, ìàãíèòíûõ è äðóãèõ âåëè÷èí. Âàæíûì ïðåèìóùåñòâîì ýòîé ñèñòåìû ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå è òî, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿþùèå åå îñíîâíûå è ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû óäîáíû äëÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ öåëåé. Îñíîâíûì äîñòîèíñòâîì ÑÈ ÿâëÿåòñÿ åå êîãåðåíòíîñòü (ñîãëàñîâàííîñòü), ò.å. âñå ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû â íåé ïîëó÷åíû ñ ïîìîùüþ îïðåäåëÿþùèõ ôîðìóë (òàê íàçûâàåìûõ ôîðìóë ðàçìåðíîñòè) ïóòåì óìíîæåíèÿ èëè äåëåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ åäèíèö áåç ââåäåíèÿ ÷èñëîâûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ, ïîêàçûâàþùèõ, âî ñêîëüêî ðàç óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ èëè óìåíüøàåòñÿ çíà÷åíèå ïðîèçâîäíîé åäèíèöû ïðè èçìåíåíèè çíà÷åíèé îñíîâíûõ åäèíèö. íàïðèìåð, äëÿ åäèíèöû ñêîðîñòè îíà èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä: v = kL?T-1~; ãäå k — êîýôôèöèåíò ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè, ðàâíûé 1, L — äëèíà ïóòè, Ò — âðåìÿ. Åñëè âìåñòî L è Ò ïîäñòàâèòü íàèìåíîâàíèÿ åäèíèö èçìåðåíèÿ äëèíû è âðåìåíè â ñèñòåìå ÑÈ, ïîëó÷èì ôîðìóëó ðàçìåðíîñòè åäèíèöû ñêîðîñòè â ýòîé ñèñòåìå: V = ì/ñ, èëè v = ì?ñ-1. Åñëè ôèçè÷åñêàÿ âåëè÷èíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îòíîøåíèå äâóõ ðàçìåðíûõ âåëè÷èí îäíîé ïðèðîäû, òî îíà íå èìååò ðàçìåðíîñòè. Òàêèìè áåçðàçìåðíûìè âåëè÷èíàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ, íàïðèìåð, êîýôôèöèåíò ïðåëîìëåíèÿ, ìàññîâàÿ èëè îáúåìíàÿ äîëÿ âåùåñòâà.
Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí, êîòîðûå óñòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò äðóãèõ è íà êîòîðûõ áàçèðóåòñÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö, íàçûâàþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè åäèíèöàìè ñèñòåìû. Åäèíèöû, îïðåäåëÿåìûå ñ ïîìîùüþ ôîðìóë è óðàâíåíèé, ñâÿçûâàþùèõ ôèçè÷åñêèå âåëè÷èíû ìåæäó ñîáîé, íàçûâàþòñÿ ïðîèçâîäíûìè åäèíèöàìè ñèñòåìû. Îñíîâíûå èëè ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû, âõîäÿùèå â ñèñòåìó åäèíèö, íàçûâàþòñÿ ñèñòåìíûìè åäèíèöàìè.
Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö âêëþ÷àåò 7 îñíîâíûõ (òàáë. 1), 2 äîïîëíèòåëüíûå (òàáë. 2), à òàêæå ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû, îáðàçîâàííûå èç îñíîâíûõ è äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ åäèíèö (òàáë. 3 è 4). Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå åäèíèöû (ðàäèàí è ñòåðàäèàí) íå çàâèñÿò îò îñíîâíûõ åäèíèö è èìåþò íóëåâóþ ðàçìåðíîñòü. Äëÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííûõ èçìåðåíèé îíè íå ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ èçìåðèòåëüíûõ ïðèáîðîâ, ïðîãðàäóèðîâàííûõ â ðàäèàíàõ è ñòåðàäèàíàõ. Ýòè åäèíèöû èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ðàñ÷åòîâ.
Òàáëèöà 1.
Îñíîâíûå åäèíèöû ÑÈ è èçìåðÿåìûå èìè âåëè÷èíû
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Íàèìåíîâàíèå | Îáîçíà÷åíèå | Èçìåðÿåìàÿ âåëè÷èíà | |
| åäèíèöû |-------------------------------------------------------| |-----|
| | ìåæäóíàðîäíîå | ðóññêîå | |-----|
| | | | |-----|
| | | | |-----|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êèëîãðàìì | kg | êã | Ìàññà | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìåòð | m | ì | Äëèíà | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñåêóíäà | s | ñ | Âðåìÿ | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Àìïåð | À | À | Ñèëà ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî | |
| | | | òîêà | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êåëüâèí | Ê | Ê | Òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêàÿ | |
| | | | òåìïåðàòóðà* | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìîëü | mol | ìîëü | Êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êàíäåëà | cd | êä | Ñèëà ñâåòà | |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Äîïóñêàåòñÿ òàêæå íàèìåíîâàíèå «òåìïåðàòóðà Êåëüâèíà». Êðîìå òåìïåðàòóðû Êåëüâèíà (Ò) ìîæíî ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ òåìïåðàòóðîé Öåëüñèÿ (t), îïðåäåëÿåìîé èç âûðàæåíèÿ: t = T – T0 ãäå Ò — òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà, Ò0 = 273,15 Ê. Äëÿ ðàçíîñòè òåìïåðàòóð 1°Ñ = 1 Ê.
Òàáëèöà 2.
Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå åäèíèöû ÑÈ è èçìåðÿåìûå èìè âåëè÷èíû
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Íàèìåíîâàíèå | Îáîçíà÷åíèå | Èçìåðÿåìàÿ âåëè÷èíà |
| åäèíèöû |--------------------------------------------------------| |
| | ìåæäóíàðîäíîå | ðóññêîå | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ðàäèàí | rad | ðàä | Ïëîñêèé óãîë |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñòåðàäèàí | sr | ñð | Òåëåñíûé óãîë |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Âíåñèñòåìíûå åäèíèöû. Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò ñèñòåìû åäèíèö, íàçûâàþòñÿ âíåñèñòåìíûìè. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ, íàïðèìåð, ìèëëèìåòð ðòóòíîãî ñòîëáà, ðåíòãåí, à òàêæå êðàòíûå è äîëüíûå åäèíèöû.
Ñòàíäàðòîì ÑÝ è ÃÎÑÒ ïðåäóñìîòðåíà âîçìîæíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âíåñèñòåìíûõ êðàòíûõ è äîëüíûõ (â öåëîå ÷èñëî ðàç áîëüøèõ èëè ìåíüøèõ) åäèíèö, îáðàçóåìûõ ñ ïîìîùüþ äåñÿòè÷íûõ ìíîæèòåëåé, äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ î÷åíü áîëüøèõ èëè î÷åíü ìàëûõ âåëè÷èí.  òàáë. 5 ïðèâåäåí ïåðå÷åíü ïðèñòàâîê è ìíîæèòåëåé äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ äåñÿòè÷íûõ êðàòíûõ è äîëüíûõ åäèíèö, ãäå êàæäîìó ìíîæèòåëþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îïðåäåëåííàÿ ïðèñòàâêà, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðîé ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ íàèìåíîâàíèå êðàòíîé èëè äîëüíîé åäèíèöû ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ åå ê íàèìåíîâàíèþ îñíîâíîé åäèíèöû, íàïðèìåð, 10-6 ë, èëè 1 ìèêðîëèòð; 106 ò, èëè 1 ìåãàòîííà.
Íàðàâíå ñ åäèíèöàìè ÑÈ äîïóùåíû ê ïðèìåíåíèþ Å. ô. â., øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå è ïðî÷íî óòâåðäèâøèåñÿ â íåêîòîðûõ îáëàñòÿõ íàóêè è òåõíèêè (â ò.÷. â ìåäèöèíå), ñòàâøèå ïðèâû÷íûìè â îáûäåííîé æèçíè. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêæå åäèíèöû, îïðåäåëÿåìûå ïî óñëîâíûì øêàëàì; íåêîòîðûå íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû, îáðàçîâàííûå èç äîïóñêàåìûõ ê ïðèìåíåíèþ âíåñèñòåìíûõ åäèíèö (òàáë. 6), îòíîñèòåëüíûå è ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêèå åäèíèöû (òàáë. 7). Ðÿä âíåñèñòåìíûõ åäèíèö ïðèíÿò äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà îãðàíè÷åííîå âðåìÿ; ñðîê èõ èçúÿòèÿ óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ðåøåíèÿìè íà ìåæäóíàðîäíîì óðîâíå.
Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí, íå ïðåäóñìîòðåííûå ñòàíäàðòîì, èçûìàþò èç óïîòðåáëåíèÿ (òàáë. 8). Óñòàðåâøèå ðóññêèå è ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, Êàíàäå, ÑØÀ è äðóãèõ àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ ñòðàíàõ àíãëèéñêèå íåìåòðè÷åñêèå åäèíèöû äîïóñêàåòñÿ ïðèìåíÿòü â õóäîæåñòâåííîé, îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå, â ïóáëèöèñòèêå, îòðàæàþùåé ñîáûòèÿ â ïðîøëîì, à òàêæå â ïåðåâîäíîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Íåêîòîðûå èç ýòèõ åäèíèö ïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáë. 9.
Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö â ìåäèöèíå
Ïåðåõîä íà Ìåæäóíàðîäíóþ ñèñòåìó åäèíèö â ìåäèöèíå áûë îäîáðåí XXX Âñåìèðíîé àññàìáëååé çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ â 1977 ã. ÂÎÇ áûëî ïðåäëîæåíî ïîäãîòîâèòü êðàòêóþ, ïðîñòóþ è àâòîðèòåòíóþ ðàñ÷åòíóþ òàáëèöó åäèíèö ÑÈ äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ìåäèöèíå.  1979 ã. â Æåíåâå áûë èçäàí è ïðåäîñòàâëåí â ðàñïîðÿæåíèå ãîñóäàðñòâ — ÷ëåíîâ ÂÎÇ ñáîðíèê «Åäèíèöû ÑÈ â ìåäèöèíå», âêëþ÷àþùèé ðàñ÷åòíûå òàáëèöû.
Ïåðåõîä ê ÑÈ â ðàçëè÷íûõ îáëàñòÿõ ìåäèöèíñêîé íàóêè è ìåäèöèíñêîé òåõíèêè îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ íà îñíîâå îáùåñîþçíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè, âåäîìñòâåííûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé è íîðìàòèâíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ, êîíêðåòèçèðóþùèõ ïîðÿäîê åå ïðèìåíåíèÿ â òîé èëè èíîé îáëàñòè. Òàê, ÌÇ ÑÑÑÐ óòâåðäèëî ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ïðèìåíåíèþ Å. ô. â. â êëèíè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðíîé ïðàêòèêå è ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ïî ïðèìåíåíèþ ñòàíäàðòà ÑÝ íà Å. ô. â. â ñàíèòàðíî-ýïèäåìèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ó÷ðåæäåíèÿõ, à Ãîññòàíäàðò ÑÑÑÐ — ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ïî ïðèìåíåíèþ Å. ô. â. â îáëàñòè èîíèçèðóþùèõ èçëó÷åíèé è îòðàñëåâîé ñòàíäàðò, ðåãëàìåíòèðóþùèé ïðèìåíåíèå ÑÈ â ìåäèöèíñêîé òåõíèêå.
Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ ñèñòåìà åäèíèö (òàáë. 1—7) ïîçâîëÿåò äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî âûáèðàòü åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ îáëàñòåé ìåäèöèíû. Ïîýòîìó â íåäàëåêîì áóäóùåì ìíîãèå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå â ìåäèöèíñêîé ïðàêòèêå åäèíèöû, íàïðèìåð ìì ðò. ñò., ìì âîä. ñò., íå âîøåäøèå â
Òàáëèöà 3
Íåêîòîðûå ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû ÑÈ è èçìåðÿåìûå èìè âåëè÷èíû*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Íàèìåíîâàíèå | Îáîçíà÷åíèå | Èçìåðÿåìàÿ |
| åäèíèöû |-----------------------------------------------| âåëè÷èíà |
| | ìåæäóíàðîäíîå | ðóññêîå | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Àìïåð íà | A/kg | À/êã | Ìîùíîñòü |
| êèëîãðàìì | | | ýêñïîçèöèîííîé |
| | | | äîçû |
| | | | ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ è |
| | | | ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Áåêêåðåëü íà | Bq/kg | Áê/êã | Óäåëüíàÿ |
| êèëîãðàìì | | | àêòèâíîñòü |
| | | | ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî |
| | | | âåùåñòâà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Áåêêåðåëü íà | Bq/m3 | Áê/ì3 | Îáúåìíàÿ |
| êóáè÷åñêèé | | | àêòèâíîñòü |
| ìåòð | | | ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî |
| | | | âåùåñòâà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Áåêêåðåëü íà | Bq/mol | Áê/ìîëü | Ìîëÿðíàÿ |
| ìîëü | | | àêòèâíîñòü |
| | | | ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî |
| | | | âåùåñòâà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âàòò íà | W/m2 | Âò/ì2 | Èíòåíñèâíîñòü |
| êâàäðàòíûé | | | çâóêà, |
| ìåòð | | | ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ |
| | | | ïëîòíîñòü |
| | | | òåïëîâîãî ïîòîêà, |
| | | | ïîâåðõíîñòíàÿ |
| | | | ïëîòíîñòü ïîòîêà |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ, |
| | | | èíòåíñèâíîñòü |
| | | | èîíèçèðóþùåãî |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âàòò íà ìåòð- | W/(m?K) | Âò/(ì?Ê) | Òåïëîïðîâîäíîñòü |
| êåëüâèí | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âàòò íà | W/sr | Âò/ñð | Ñèëà èçëó÷åíèÿ |
| ñòåðàäèàí | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âàòò íà | W/(sr?m2) | Âò/(Ñð?ì2) | Ëó÷èñòîñòü |
| ñòåðàäèàí- | | | |
| ìåòð | | | |
| êâàäðàòíûé | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãðåé â | Gy/s | Ãð/ñ | Ìîùíîñòü |
| ñåêóíäó | | | ïîãëîùåííîé äîçû |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ |
| | | | (ìîùíîñòü äîçû |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü íà | J/m2 | Äæ/ì2 | Ëó÷èñòàÿ |
| êâàäðàòíûé | | | ýêñïîçèöèÿ |
| ìåòð | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü íà | J/K | Äæ/Ê | Òåïëîåìêîñòü |
| Êåëüâèí | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü íà | J/kg | Äæ/êã | Óäåëüíàÿ ðàáîòà, |
| êèëîãðàìì | | | óäåëüíàÿ ýíåðãèÿ, |
| | | | óäåëüíîå |
| | | | êîëè÷åñòâî |
| | | | òåïëîòû (óäåëüíàÿ |
| | | | òåïëîòà ôàçîâîãî |
| | | | ïðåâðàùåíèÿ, |
| | | | óäåëüíàÿ òåïëîòà |
| | | | õèìè÷åñêîé |
| | | | ðåàêöèè — |
| | | | ñãîðàíèÿ òîïëèâà, |
| | | | ïèùåâûõ |
| | | | âåùåñòâ) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü íà | J/(kg?K) | Äæ/(êã?Ê) | Óäåëüíàÿ |
| êèëîãðàìì- | | | òåïëîåìêîñòü |
| êåëüâèí | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü íà | J/m3 | Äæ/ì3 | Ïëîòíîñòü |
| êóáè÷åñêèé | | | çâóêîâîé ýíåðãèè, |
| ìåòð | | | îáúåìíàÿ |
| | | | ïëîòíîñòü ýíåðãèè |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü íà | J/mol | Äæ/ìîëü | Ìîëÿðíàÿ |
| ìîëü | | | âíóòðåííÿÿ |
| | | | ýíåðãèÿ, |
| | | | ìîëÿðíûé |
| | | | òåïëîâîé ýôôåêò |
| | | | õèìè÷åñêîé |
| | | | ðåàêöèè |
| | | | (îáðàçîâàíèÿ, |
| | | | ðàñòâîðåíèÿ, |
| | | | ãîðåíèÿ), ôàçîâûõ |
| | | | ïðåâðàùåíèé |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü íà | J/(mol?K) | Äæ/(ìîëü?Ê) | Ìîëÿðíàÿ |
| ìîëü-êåëüâèí | | | òåïëîåìêîñòü |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Çèâåðò â | Sv/s | Çâ/ñ | Ìîùíîñòü |
| ñåêóíäó | | | ýêâèâàëåíòíîé |
| | | | äîçû èçëó÷åíèÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êàíäåëà íà | cd/m2 | êä/ì2 | ßðêîñòü |
| êâàäðàòíûé | | | |
| ìåòð | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êåëüâèí íà | K/m | Ê/ì | Òåìïåðàòóðíûé |
| ìåòð | | | ãðàäèåíò |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êâàäðàòíûé | m2 | ì2 | Ïëîùàäü |
| ìåòð | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êâàäðàòíûé | m2/s | ì2/ñ | Âÿçêîñòü |
| ìåòð íà | | | êèíåìàòè÷åñêàÿ |
| ñåêóíäó | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êèëîãðàìì- | kg?m2 | êã?ì2 | Ìîìåíò èíåðöèè |
| ìåòð â | | | (äèíàìè÷åñêèé |
| êâàäðàòå | | | ìîìåíò èíåðöèè) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êèëîãðàìì- | kg?m/s | êã?ì/ñ | Èìïóëüñ |
| ìåòð â | | | (êîëè÷åñòâî |
| ñåêóíäó | | | äâèæåíèÿ) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êèëîãðàìì íà | kg/m3 | êã/ì3 | Ïëîòíîñòü |
| êóáè÷åñêèé | | | (ìàññû), ìàññîâàÿ |
| ìåòð | | | êîíöåíòðàöèÿ |
| | | | êîìïîíåíòà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êèëîãðàìì íà | kg/mol | êã/ìîëü | Ìîëÿðíàÿ ìàññà |
| ìîëü | | | âåùåñòâà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êóáè÷åñêèé | m3 | ì3 | Îáúåì, |
| ìåòð | | | âìåñòèìîñòü |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êóáè÷åñêèé | m3/s | ì3/ñ | Îáúåìíûé ðàñõîä |
| ìåòð â | | | |
| ñåêóíäó | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êóáè÷åñêèé | m3/kg | ì3/êã | Óäåëüíûé îáúåì |
| ìåòð íà | | | |
| êèëîãðàìì | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êóáè÷åñêèé | m3/mol | ì3/ìîëü | Ìîëÿðíûé îáúåì |
| ìåòð íà ìîëü | | | âåùåñòâà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êóëîí íà | C/kg | Êë/êã | Ýêñïîçèöèîííàÿ |
| êèëîãðàìì | | | äîçà |
| | | | ðåíòãåíîâñêîãî |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ è |
| | | | ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëþêñ-ñåêóíäà | lx?s | ëê?ñ | Ñâåòîâàÿ |
| | | | ýêñïîçèöèÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëþìåí íà | lm/m2 | ëì/ì2 | Ñâåòèìîñòü |
| êâàäðàòíûé | | | |
| ìåòð | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëþìåí- | lm?s | ëì?ñ | Ñâåòîâàÿ ýíåðãèÿ |
| ñåêóíäà | | | (êîëè÷åñòâî ñâåòà) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìåòð â ìèíóñ | m-3 | ì-3 | Îáúåìíàÿ |
| òðåòüåé | | | êîíöåíòðàöèÿ |
| ñòåïåíè | | | ìîëåêóë |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìåòð â | m/s | ì/ñ | Ñêîðîñòü |
| ñåêóíäó | | | (ëèíåéíàÿ) |
| | | | ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ |
| | | | çâóêîâûõ è |
| | | | ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ |
| | | | âîëí |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìåòð íà | m/s2 | ì/ñ2 | Óñêîðåíèå |
| ñåêóíäó â | | | (ëèíåéíîå, |
| êâàäðàòå | | | ñâîáîäíîãî |
| | | | ïàäåíèÿ) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìîëü â | mol/(s?m3) | ìîëü/(ñ?ì3) | Ñêîðîñòü |
| ñåêóíäó íà | | | õèìè÷åñêîé |
| êóáè÷åñêèé | | | ðåàêöèè |
| ìåòð | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìîëü íà | mol/kg | ìîëü/êã | Ìîëÿðíîñòü |
| êèëîãðàìì | | | ðàñòâîðà |
| | | | êîìïîíåíòà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìîëü íà | mol/m3 | ìîëü/ì3 | Ìîëÿðíàÿ |
| êóáè÷åñêèé | | | êîíöåíòðàöèÿ |
| ìåòð | | | êîìïîíåíòà |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Íüþòîí-ìåòð | N?m | Í?ì | Ìîìåíò ñèëû, |
| | | | âðàùàþùèé |
| | | | ìîìåíò, ìîìåíò |
| | | | ïàðû ñèë |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Íüþòîí íà | N/m | h/m | Ïîâåðõíîñòíîå |
| ìåòð | | | íàòÿæåíèå |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Îì-ìåòð | ??m | Îì?ì | Óäåëüíîå |
| | | | ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå |
| | | | ñîïðîòèâëåíèå |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïàñêàëü- | Pa?s | Ïà?ñ | Âÿçêîñòü |
| ñåêóíäà | | | äèíàìè÷åñêàÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ðàäèàí â | rad/s | ðàä/ñ | Óãëîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü |
| ñåêóíäó | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ðàäèàí íà | rad/s2 | ðàä/ñ2 | Óãëîâîå óñêîðåíèå |
| ñåêóíäó â | | | |
| êâàäðàòå | | | |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñåêóíäà â | s-1 | ñ-1 | ×àñòîòà |
| ìèíóñ ïåðâîé | | | âðàùåíèÿ, |
| ñòåïåíè | | | äèñêðåòíûõ |
| | | | ñîáûòèé |
| | | | (èìïóëüñîâ, |
| | | | óäàðîâ), êðóãîâàÿ |
| | | | (öèêëè÷åñêàÿ) |
| | | | ÷àñòîòà, óãëîâàÿ |
| | | | ÷àñòîòà, |
| | | | ïóëüñàöèÿ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñèìåíñ íà | S/m | Ñì/ì | Óäåëüíàÿ |
| ìåòð | | | ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ |
| | | | ïðîâîäèìîñòü |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè ïðîèçâîäíûõ åäèíèö èíîãäà âîçíèêàþò åäèíèöû ñ ãðîìîçäêèìè íàèìåíîâàíèÿìè, íåóäîáíûå äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ â ïèñüìå è óñòíîé ðå÷è, íàïðèìåð êèëîãðàìì-ìåòð íà ñåêóíäó â êâàäðàòå. ×òîáû óñòðàíèòü ýòî íåóäîáñòâî, íåêîòîðûì èç íèõ ïðèñâîåíû ñïåöèàëüíûå íàèìåíîâàíèÿ: ëþêñ, ëþìåí, íüþòîí, àìïåð, ãðåé è äðóãèå. Îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ýòèõ åäèíèö è èçìåðÿåìûå èìè âåëè÷èíû ïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáë. 4. Íàðàâíå ñ îñíîâíûìè è äîïîëíèòåëüíûìè ýòè åäèíèöû èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîèçâîäíûõ åäèíèö ÑÈ, íàïðèìåð ãðåé â ñåêóíäó (ÃÐ/ñ), äæîóëü íà êèëîãðàìì (Äæ/êã) è ò.ä.
Òàáëèöà 4.
Ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû, èìåþùèå ñïåöèàëüíîå íàèìåíîâàíèå è èõ âûðàæåíèå ÷åðåç îñíîâíûå è äðóãèå åäèíèöû ÑÈ
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Íàèìåíîâàíèå | Îáîçíà÷åíèå | | Âûðàæåíèå ïðîèçâîäíîé |
| åäèíèö | | | åäèíèöû |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | ìåæäóíàðîäíîå | ðóññêîå | Èçìåðÿåìàÿ âåëè÷èíà | ÷åðåç äðóãèå | ÷åðåç îñíîâíûå |
| | | | | åäèíèöû ÑÈ | åäèíèöû ÑÈ |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Áåêêåðåëü | Bq | Áê | Àêòèâíîñòü íóêëèäà | Bq | ñ-1 |
| | | | (ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî | | |
| | | | âåùåñòâà) | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âàòò | W | Âò | Ìîùíîñòü, ïîòîê | Äæ/ñ | ì2?êã?ñ-3 |
| | | | ýíåðãèè, òåïëîâîé ïîòîê, | | |
| | | | ïîòîê çâóêîâîé ýíåðãèè, | | |
| | | | ïîòîê èçëó÷åíèÿ | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âåáåð | Wb | Âá | Ìàãíèòíûé ïîòîê (ïîòîê | Â?ñ | ì2?êã?ñ-2?À-1 |
| | | | ìàãíèòíîé èíäóêöèè) | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âîëüò | V |  | Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé | Âò/À | ì2?êã?ñ-3?À-1 |
| | | | ïîòåíöèàë, ðàçíîñòü | | |
| | | | ïîòåíöèàëîâ, | | |
| | | | ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå | | |
| | | | íàïðÿæåíèå, | | |
| | | | ýëåêòðîäâèæóùàÿ ñèëà, | | |
| | | | ýëåêòðîäíûé ïîòåíöèàë, | | |
| | | | îêèñëèòåëüíî- | | |
| | | | âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûé | | |
| | | | ïîòåíöèàë | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãåíðè | í | Ãí | Èíäóêòèâíîñòü | Âá/À | ì2?êã?ñ-2?À-2 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãåðö | Hz | Ãö | ×àñòîòà ïåðèîäè÷åñêîãî | — | ñ-1 |
| | | | ïðîöåññà (çâóêîâûõ, | | |
| | | | ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ è | | |
| | | | ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ | | |
| | | | êîëåáàíèé) | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãðåé | Gy | Ãð | Ïîãëîùåííàÿ äîçà | Gy | ì2?ñ-1 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äæîóëü | G | Äæ | Ðàáîòà, ýíåðãèÿ | Í?ì | ì2?êã?ñ-2 |
| | | | (çâóêîâàÿ, âíóòðåííÿÿ, | | |
| | | | ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíîãî | | |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ), êîëè÷åñòâî | | |
| | | | òåïëîòû (òåïëîòà | | |
| | | | ôàçîâîãî ïðåâðàùåíèÿ, | | |
| | | | òåïëîòà õèìè÷åñêîé | | |
| | | | ðåàêöèè ñãîðàíèÿ | | |
| | | | òîïëèâà, ïèùåâûõ | | |
| | | | âåùåñòâ) | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Çèâåðò | Sv | Çâ | Ýêâèâàëåíòíàÿ äîçà | Sv | ì2?ñ-2 |
| | | | èçëó÷åíèÿ | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êóëîí | Ñ | Êë | Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé çàðÿä, | — | ñ?À |
| | | | êîëè÷åñòâî | | |
| | | | ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëþêñ | lx | ëê | Îñâåùåííîñòü | — | ì-2?êä?ñð-2 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëþìåí | lm | ëì | Ñâåòîâîé ïîòîê | — | êä?ñð |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Íüþòîí | N | Í | Ñèëà, âåñ | — | ì?êã?ñ-2 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Îì | Î | Îì | Ýëåêòðè÷åñêîå | Â/À | ì2?êã?ñ-3?À-2 |
| | | | (îìè÷åñêîå) | | |
| | | | ñîïðîòèâëåíèå | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïàñêàëü | Pa | Ïà | Äàâëåíèå (çâóêîâîå, | Í/ì2 | ì-1?êã?ñ-2 |
| | | | îñìîòè÷åñêîå), | | |
| | | | ìåõàíè÷åñêîå | | |
| | | | íàïðÿæåíèå | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñèìåíñ | S | Ñì | Ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ | À/ | ì-2?êã-1?ñ3?À2 |
| | | | ïðîâîäèìîñòü | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Òåñëà | T | Òë | Ìàãíèòíàÿ èíäóêöèÿ, | Âá/ì2 | êã?ñ-2?À-1 |
| | | | ïëîòíîñòü ìàãíèòíîãî | | |
| | | | ïîòîêà | | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ôàðàä | F | Ô | Ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ åìêîñòü | Êë/ | ì-2?êã-1?c4?A2 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ. 1. Ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû, èìåþùèå ñïåöèàëüíûå íàèìåíîâàíèÿ â ÷åñòü âûäàþùèõñÿ ó÷åíûõ, ïðèíÿòî îáîçíà÷àòü ïðîïèñíîé áóêâîé (íàïðèìåð, Ïà — ïàñêàëü, Êó — êóëîí, Äæ — äæîóëü è ò.ä.). 2.  ýòè âûðàæåíèÿ âõîäèò äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ åäèíèöà — ñòåðàäèàí.
Òàáëèöà 5.
Ïðèñòàâêè ÑÈ è ìíîæèòåëè äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ äåñÿòè÷íûõ êðàòíûõ è äîëüíûõ åäèíèö è èõ íàèìåíîâàíèé
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Íàèìåíîâàíèå ïðèñòàâêè | Îáîçíà÷åíèå | Ìíîæèòåëü |
| |--------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | ìåæäóíàðîäíîå | ðóññêîå | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ýêñà | Å | Ý | 1018 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïåòà | Ð | ï | 1015 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Òåðà | Ò | ò | 1012 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãèãà | G | ã | 109 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìåãà | Ì | Ì | 106 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êèëî | k | ê | 103 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãåêòî | h | ã | 102 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äåêà | da | äà | 101 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äåöè | d | Ä | 10-1 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ñàíòè | ñ | ñ | 10-2 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìèëëè | m | ì | 10-3 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìèêðî | ? | ìê | 10-6 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Íàíî | n | í | 10-9 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ïèêî | P | ï | 10-12 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ôåìòî | f | Ô | 10-15 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Àòòî | a | à | 10-18 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ: 1. Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå ê íàèìåíîâàíèþ åäèíèöû äâóõ è áîëåå ïðèñòàâîê ïîäðÿä íå äîïóñêàåòñÿ (íàïðèìåð, âìåñòî ìèêðîìèêðîôàðàä ñëåäóåò óïîòðåáëÿòü ïèêîôàðàä). 2. Ïîñêîëüêó íàèìåíîâàíèå îñíîâíîé åäèíèöû êèëîãðàìì ñîäåðæèò ïðèñòàâêó êèëî, äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ êðàòíûõ è äîëüíûõ åäèíèö ìàññû èñïîëüçóþò äîëüíóþ åäèíèöó ãðàìì (0,001 êã) è ïðèñòàâêè íàäî ïðèñîåäèíÿòü ê ñëîâó ãðàìì (íàïðèìåð, ìèëëèãðàìì âìåñòî ìèêðîêèëîãðàìì). 3. Äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ åäèíèö èìåþòñÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ, îáóñëîâëåííûå èñòîðè÷åñêè íåæèâøèìèñÿ ïðàâèëàìè: íàïðèìåð, åäèíèöà âðåìåíè ñåêóíäà (ñ) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñ äîëüíûìè äåñÿòè÷íûìè ìíîæèòåëÿìè (ìñ, ìãêñ è ò.ä.), åäèíèöà ìàññû òîííà (ò) — ëèøü ñ êðàòíûìè (Ìò, êã è ò.ä.). 4. Óñëîâíî óñòàíîâëåííûå åäèíèöû âðåìåíè ìèíóòó, ÷àñ, ñóòêè; åäèíèöû ïëîñêîãî óãëà ãðàäóñ, ìèíóòó, ñåêóíäó (...°,...’,..”, ãðàä) àòîìíóþ åäèíèöó ìàññû (à. å. ì.); àñòðîíîìè÷åñêóþ åäèíèöó, ñâåòîâîé ãîä, ïàðñåê, îïòè÷åñêóþ äèîïòðèþ (ëèòð) íå äîïóñêàåòñÿ ïðèìåíÿòü ñ ïðèñòàâêàìè è ìíîæèòåëÿìè.
Òàáëèöà 6.
Íåêîòîðûå íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå âíåñèñòåìíûå åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí, äîïóñêàåìûå ê ïðèìåíåíèþ íàðàâíå ñ åäèíèöàìè ÑÈ, è èõ ñîîòíîøåíèå ñ åäèíèöàìè ÑÈ
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Íàèìåíîâàíèå | Îáîçíà÷åíèå | Èçìåðÿåìàÿ | Ñîîòíîøåíèå ñ åäèíèöåé |
| åäèíèöû |------------------------------------------------| âåëè÷èíà | ÑÈ èëè îïðåäåëåíèå |
| | ìåæäóíàðîäíîå | ðóññêîå | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Àñòðîíîìè÷åñêàÿ | U. a. | a. e. | Äëèíà | 1,5?10-11 ì |
| åäèíèöà | | | | (ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Àòîìíàÿ åäèíèöà | U | à. å. ì. | Ìàññà | 1,66?10-27 êã |
| ìàññû | | | | (ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Âîëüò-àìïåð | V?A | B?A | Ïîëíàÿ | 1 Âò |
| | | | ìîùíîñòü | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãåêòàð | ha | ãà | Ïëîùàäü | 104 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ãðàäóñ (óãëîâîé) | ..." | ...° | Ïëîñêèé óãîë | 1,75?10-2 ðàä |
| | | | | (ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Äèîïòðèÿ | — | äïòð | Îïòè÷åñêàÿ ñèëà | 1 ì-1 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Êèëîãðàìì íà ëèòð | kg/I | êã/ë | Ïëîòíîñòü | 103 êã/ì3 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëèòð* | l | ë | Îáúåì, | 10-3 ì3 |
| | | | âìåñòèìîñòü | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëèòð â ñåêóíäó | I/s | ë/ñ | Îáúåìíûé | 10-3 ì3/c |
| | | | ðàñõîä (êëèðåíñ) | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëèòð íà êèëîãðàìì | I/kg | ë/êã | Óäåëüíûé îáúåì | 10-3 ì3/êã |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ëèòð íà ìîëü | l/mol | ë/ìîëü | Ìîëÿðíûé îáúåì | 10-3 ì3/ìîëü |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìèëëèìåòð â ÷àñ | mm/h | ìì/÷ | Ñêîðîñòü | 0,2778?10-6 ì/ñ |
| | | | îñåäàíèÿ | |
| | | | ýðèòðîöèòîâ | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìèíóòà** | min | ìèí | Âðåìÿ | 60 ñ |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Ìèíóòà (óãëîâàÿ) | ...' | ...' | Ïëîñêèé óãîë | 2,9?10-4 ðàä |
| | | | | (ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Íàó÷íîòåõíè÷åñêèé Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé Ñëîâàðü |
| ÅÄÈÍÈÖÛ ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÂÅËÈ×ÈÍ, åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóåìûå äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿõ ôèçè÷åñêèõ âåëè÷èí.  îïðåäåëåíèè åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíû íåîáõîäèìî çàäàòü ýòàëîí ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíû è ñïîñîá åãî ñðàâíåíèÿ ñ âåëè÷èíîé ïðè èçìåðåíèè. Íàïðèìåð, åäèíèöà èçìåðåíèÿ ìàññû, ÊÈËÎÃÐÀÌÌ, ïðèíèìàåòñÿ ðàâíîé ìàññå îïðåäåëåííîãî ñëèòêà èç ïëàòèíû è èðèäèÿ. Äðóãèå ìàññû èçìåðÿþòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì èõ âçâåøèâàíèÿ è ñðàâíåíèÿ, ïðÿìîãî èëè êîñâåííîãî, ñ ýòèì ñëèòêîì. Åäèíèöû ôèçè÷åñêîé âåëè÷èíû áûâàþò äâóõ òèïîâ: îñíîâíûå åäèíèöû, êîòîðûå, êàê êèëîãðàìì, èìåþò áàçîâûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, è ïðîèçâîäíûå åäèíèöû, êîòîðûå îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ÷åðåç îñíîâíûå. Ñóùåñòâóþò ðàçëè÷íûå ñèñòåìû åäèíèö, îñíîâàííûå íà îïðåäåëåííûõ áàçîâûõ åäèíèöàõ. Îíè âêëþ÷àþò ÑÈÑÒÅÌÓ ÔÔÑ (FPS) (ñèñòåìà áðèòàíñêèõ âåëè÷èí - ôóò, ôóíò, ñåêóíäà), ÑÈÑÒÅÌÓ ÑÃÑ (ñàíòèìåòð, ãðàìì, ñåêóíäà) è ÑÈÑÒÅÌÓ ÌÊÑ (ìåòð, êèëîãðàìì, ñåêóíäà). Äëÿ âñåõ íàó÷íûõ öåëåé áûëà ïðèíÿòà ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÅÄÈÍÈÖ ÑÈ, â êîòîðóþ âõîäÿò ñåìü îñíîâíûõ åäèíèö: ÌÅÒÐ (äëèíà), ÊÈËÎÃÐÀÌÌ (ìàññà), ÑÅÊÓÍÄÀ (âðåìÿ), ÀÌÏÅÐ (ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé òîê), ÊÅËÜÂÈÍ (òåìïåðàòóðà), ÊÀÍÄÅËÀ (ñèëà ñâåòà) è ÌÎËÜ (êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà). |
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